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Inside Fort Worth’s Narcotic Farm Experiment

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www.texasobserver.org – Michelle Pitcher – 2025-02-18 07:25:00

Texas’ history of addiction treatment can be seen as a dance in place: public opinion swings, the Legislature takes one step forward, then two political steps back. Ultimately, little progress is made. Today’s attitudes aren’t dissimilar to the century-old ones described in historian Holly M. Karibo’s new book, Rehab on the Range: A History of Addiction and Incarceration in the American West (University of Texas Press, November 2024). 

As Karibo acknowledges in her introduction, the book’s many historical arguments “will likely sound very familiar to twenty-first century readers.” Moral panic about opiates and the shifting demographics of drug users. Doctors withholding care out of very real fear of legal retribution. Fierce disagreements over whether addiction is a medical, legal, or societal issue. 

She lays out a detailed institutional history of one experimental rehab center in Texas, a place meant to be a “radical reimagining of the nation’s approach to addiction.” Plans for the center drummed up “unyielding optimism that this new program would provide a modern fix to a modern problem.” 

But the Fort Worth experiment ultimately left a complicated legacy.

In the early 20th century, new federal drug prohibition laws were reshaping the societal and penal landscape. It’s against this backdrop that Texans took a central role in the attempt to balance punishment with treatment for the growing percentage of the U.S. population addicted to drugs. 

“THIS EXPANSIVE INSTITUTION WAS ULTIMATELY MIRED IN THE NATION’S COMMITMENT TO INCARCERATION.”

In 1931, the burgeoning oil city of Fort Worth scored a massive federal investment in the form of an experimental “narcotic farm”—a setup meant to provide novel addiction treatment to people in a quasi-carceral setting.(Though Karibo argues there’s no such thing as “soft incarceration”—especially when any unauthorized attempt to leave could land you in prison.) 

This farm and its sister institution in Kentucky treated volunteer patients struggling with addiction, as well as people sent there because of run-ins with the law. The creation of these facilities constituted “one of the longest-running and most expansive federal experiments in drug addiction treatment in the nation’s history,” Karibo writes. What set the Fort Worth facility apart from older clinics was its focus not just on physical detox, but on psychotherapy as a treatment for addiction. The facility also followed the playbook of Texas prisons by using manual farm labor as a dubious rehabilitation tool. 

The Fort Worth center was supposed to resemble a college campus, rather than a prison. It promised good food, a calm environment, and stability. But Karibo writes this expectation “vastly differed from what many patients experienced.” 

Rehab on the Range emphasizes the context of the nation’s long churn treating and penalizing drug use while simultaneously zooming in on the details and key players in Fort Worth’s narcotic farm experiment, which finally ended in the 1970s after three decades of tumult. 

Exhaustively researched, Karibo’s work at times reads like an academic treatise, at times like investigative journalism. She pored over testimonials, reports, and patient demographic data to pluck out stories and trends that highlight the humanity within the walls of these facilities.

It’s also a sometimes painfully familiar look at the uphill battle for progressive—if flawed—drug policies.

When the Fort Worth facility opened in 1938, efforts were made to train incoming staff on how to treat people with addiction as patients, not prisoners, even if they had been sent there based on a criminal penalty or transferred from a prison. Karibo writes that its high-ranking medical personnel were “deeply concerned that preconceived stereotypes about addicts would undermine the effectiveness of the treatment program.” But the training did not eliminate deeply held biases among both patients and staff, the book states. The roots of the stigma ran deep, creating cracks in the experiment from the outset. 

(UT Press)

The political landscape in which such experiments take place largely determines how successful they can be. In the case of the Fort Worth Narcotic Farm, the post-World War II surge of the international drug trade coincided with a waning of political support for treatment and a shift toward punitive laws, including minimum sentences for drug crimes. In 1957, Karibo writes, the Texas Legislature voted unanimously to support the death penalty for selling drugs to minors. 

That’s a familiar rallying cry: In 2024, Donald Trump called for the death penalty for drug traffickers while on the presidential campaign trail. 

The cycle of increasing punitive policies boosts the population of incarcerated people with addiction issues. Karibo writes that as more people were locked up for drug crimes in the early 20th century, people blamed them—and their assumed moral failures and character flaws—for increased federal prison unrest, largely ignoring that the general increase in the incarcerated population was stretching the physical limits of prisons and staff. The idea of establishing federal drug treatment facilities was a pressure release valve for prisons disguised as a progressive policy. 

“This expansive institution … was ultimately mired in the nation’s commitment to incarceration as a solution to the ‘drug problem,’” she concludes.

Drug use proliferated in the Fort Worth facility, as it does in Texas prisons today. Rehab on the Range outlines the factors that kept people addicted even in treatment. Paltry guard pay created incentives for staff to help funnel drugs inside for a price. Dubious treatment techniques boosted animosity and hopelessness among patients. Complete isolation from the pressures of the outside world—and a lack of meaningful follow-up care—often led to relapse upon release.

Rehab on the Range intelligently describes one of the nation’s first and largest experiments in federally funded drug treatment, examining it within a century-long context of public and legal attitudes toward addiction. Karibo looks critically at all stages of the experiment: conception, execution, patient experience, external challenges. She includes voices of supporters and of critics.

Fundamentally, this book reveals how the United States—and Texas—has long struggled to understand its own attitudes about drug addiction. Do we blame or help those who become addicted? Do we focus on punitive policies or expanding social and medical services? What role do our prisons play?

These questions were already being asked 100 years ago, and we’re still waiting for answers. 

The post Inside Fort Worth’s Narcotic Farm Experiment appeared first on www.texasobserver.org

News from the South - Texas News Feed

Hill Country flooding: Here’s how to give and receive help

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feeds.texastribune.org – By Texas Tribune Staff – 2025-07-05 16:42:00


The Kerr County Flood Relief Fund, established by The Community Foundation of the Texas Hill Country, supports flood-affected individuals by directing donations to vetted rescue and recovery organizations. Southern Oaks Church in Kerrville is organizing a supply drive for hygiene kits, baby essentials, food, clothing, and comfort items, with drop-offs at 122 Valley View or online donations. Austin’s Jester King Brewery, Treaty Oak Distillery in Dripping Springs, and the Salvation Army’s Kroc Center in Kerrville are also collecting essential supplies like water, non-perishable food, clothing, and cleaning items. TEXSAR, an emergency response nonprofit, is deploying swiftwater rescue teams and seeking $100,000 in donations to continue efforts.

Hill Country flooding: Here’s how to give and receive help” was first published by The Texas Tribune, a nonprofit, nonpartisan media organization that informs Texans — and engages with them — about public policy, politics, government and statewide issues.

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The Texas Hill Country is reeling after a devastating flood with a confirmed death toll of 43 as of Saturday afternoon. The Kerr County’s sheriff’s office said the victims include 28 adults and 15 children.

Rescue efforts are still underway as authorities search for 27 girls who went missing from Camp Mystic, a long-running Christian camp. With families turning to social media for answers, officials warn the full scope of the disaster may not be known yet.

Texas still faces flood threats as officials warn caution. Saturday’s forecast predicts 2-4 inches of rain, with isolated areas potentially receiving up to 10 inches per the National Weather Service.

As rescue efforts continue in Kerrville, questions are arising about how to assist those affected by the flood. Here is a guide on how you can help those in need, along with safety tips for dealing with flood warnings and what to do when you encounter flood waters.

How to help Texans affected by the floods

The Kerr County Flood Relief Fund has been set up to help those impacted by the floods.

The fund was created by The Community Foundation of the Texas Hill Country, a 501(c)(3) charity, that will be directing money to “vetted organizations providing rescue, relief, and recovery efforts as well as flood assistance,” according to its site.

Additionally, Southern Oaks Church is organizing a supply drive to support those impacted. Church officials urged locals to stay off the roads today but are encouraging people to start gathering items from home. Supplies can be dropped off at 122 Valley View in Kerrville.

They are looking for hygiene kits, baby and child essentials, clothing, food and nutrition, comfort and coping materials and more.

For those who live far away, the church has set up an online donation on its site. Select “River Flood Relief Fund” to donate to flood victims.

Austin’s Jester King Brewery is collecting items as well. Materials can be dropped off on Saturday or Sunday at their address: 13187 Fitzhugh Rd in Austin. Materials will be dropped off at Cross Kingdom Church.

Items most in need are bottled water, non-perishable food, new socks and underwear, kids clothing, diapers and baby wipes, flashlights and batteries, toiletries and cleaning supplies and pet food.

Treaty Oak Distillery in Dripping Springs is also taking donations. The address is 16604 Fitzhugh Rd in Dripping Springs. They are looking for cleaning and recovery supplies, food and water, emergency supplies, personal hygiene products, tools and more.

TEXSAR, an Austin-based nonprofit specializing in emergency response, has deployed swiftwater rescue teams, boats, drones and search dogs to aid in the search for the missing. The group is aiming to raise $100,000 to sustain its efforts. Donations can be made online.

The Salvation Army’s Kroc Center in Kerrville is collecting nonperishable food, diapers, and cleaning items like bleach, trash bags, brooms and shovels. Donations can be dropped off at its Social Services office, located at 855 Hays Street in Kerrville.

How to get recovery assistance

Cross Kingdom Church in Kerrville has received many donations, and church officials said people can come by and grab things. The address is 3044 Junction Hwy in Kerrville.

Texans who sustained damage caused by the storms are encouraged to report it through the Individual State of Texas Assessment Tool.The tool helps emergency management officials understand the scope of the damage, which can influence emergency declarations and federal spending.

If you are impacted by a natural disaster, government services and community resources are available to help you with recovery.

Organizations like the American Red Cross, Salvation Army and local volunteer organizations can help you find food, shelter and supplies, as well as assist you with clean-up efforts. Texas Health and Human Services is responsible for coordinating efforts to help Texans in need immediately after a widespread emergency.

After a disaster, a state’s governor can issue a disaster declaration, asking the president to declare an emergency or major disaster, which then frees up federal funds to help those affected. The Federal Emergency Management Agency provides disaster assistance in these situations.

Before applying for assistance from FEMA, insured Texans should first file claims through their existing policies. People cannot receive disaster and insurance assistance for the same damages. Doing so would be considered insurance fraud, according to FEMA.

If you need to file an insurance claim because your home or property was damaged, call your insurance company to report the damages and be ready to answer questions about how you were impacted. Be sure to take photos and videos to submit to insurance or FEMA and document damages for your records.

If you need help quickly, you can ask your insurance company about an advanced payment. If you aren’t able to live in your home after the disaster because of extensive damage, most policies will cover some housing costs, according to the Texas Department of Insurance, so be sure to keep your receipts.

If you need help filing a claim, TDI has a helpline that operates Monday to Friday, from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Central Time. Texans can call 800-252-3439 to find out contact information for their insurance company and ask any questions about claims.

The State Bar of Texas also offers a toll-free legal hotline to assist low-income Texans with issues like replacing lost documents, insurance questions, landlord-tenant problems, price-gouging or avoiding contractor scams following a natural disaster. Residents can call 800-504-7030, which is answered in English, Spanish and Vietnamese. Those who qualify for assistance are matched with Texas lawyers who can provide free, limited legal help, according to the state bar’s website.

Here’s what to do in case of flooding:

  • Follow evacuation orders from local authorities and take an emergency kit with you.
  • Avoid walking or driving through flood waters. Just six inches of water can make a person fall, while one foot of water is enough to sweep up a vehicle during a flood.
  • If flood waters rise around your vehicle, leave it and move to higher ground. If you are stuck in a flooded area, look for a higher space away from flood waters. Stay off bridges that go over fast-moving water. You can check for flooded or closed roads through the state’s drivetexas.org website.
  • Be careful in areas where flood waters have receded and watch out for debris or electrically charged standing water. Stay away from all bodies of water and electric lines near you.
  • Shut off your home’s main circuit breakers to prevent appliance short circuits and the threat of electrocution.
  • Make a plan for your pets and take them with you in case of an evacuation.

How to set up emergency alerts

To know when a weather emergency is expected or to stay updated during a disaster, sign up for emergency alerts from your city or county. Residents can look up their county emergency management office online to sign up for emergency emails and texts.

Texans who rely on electricity for medical reasons can apply for chronic conditions or critical care status, which provide extra notifications ahead of interruptions or suspensions of service. Applications have to be approved by a physician and submitted to the transmission and distribution utility that covers your address. The status doesn’t guarantee uninterrupted power, so if electricity is a necessity, make other arrangements ahead of a storm if possible.

Texans with disabilities or people who would require additional medical assistance during an emergency can also sign up for the State of Texas Emergency Assistance Registry, a free system run by the state that gives emergency responders additional information about the communities they are helping in the aftermath of a natural disaster.

Major phone providers participate in the federal wireless emergency alert system, which enables federal, state and local authorities to broadcast alerts to mobile devices. Check the settings on your phone to ensure you have these alerts turned on. They are often labeled “Government Alerts” or “Emergency Alert Messages.”

If you need to find community resources during a disaster, dial 2-1-1 or 877-541-7905 for information about resources including food, health, housing and more.

How to get mental health support

It is normal for people to experience shock in the immediate aftermath of a disaster. People like those with existing mental health conditions may see increased symptoms of stress. Others may focus on recovery and relief efforts but may feel symptoms of stress and trauma later on, according to experts.

Symptoms can include aches, trouble sleeping, changes in appetite, losing motivation, getting frustrated more frequently and feeling overwhelmed, sad, numb, lonely and physically or mentally drained.

Most emotional responses and stress symptoms are temporary, but if they persist for two weeks or longer, it is recommended to seek help. Signs of greater emotional distress can include feeling hopeless, feeling guilty without being sure why, having difficulty readjusting to home and work life, excessive smoking, drinking or drug use or thinking of hurting yourself or someone else, according to the federal Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).

SAMHSA runs the Disaster Distress Helpline, which provides support to people experiencing emotional distress related to disasters. The helpline operates year-round, 24 hours a day and is free and confidential. You can call or text 800-985-5990 to be connected with a trained crisis counselor who can provide counseling, healthy coping tips and more information on signs of emotional distress. Crisis counselors can also provide local resources for additional support.

Trained crisis counselors are also available through the national Suicide and Crisis Lifeline by calling or texting 988.

Read more tips about how to take care of your mental health during natural disasters here.


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This article originally appeared in The Texas Tribune at https://www.texastribune.org/2025/07/05/texas-hill-country-flooding-how-to-help/.

The Texas Tribune is a member-supported, nonpartisan newsroom informing and engaging Texans on state politics and policy. Learn more at texastribune.org.

The post Hill Country flooding: Here’s how to give and receive help appeared first on feeds.texastribune.org



Note: The following A.I. based commentary is not part of the original article, reproduced above, but is offered in the hopes that it will promote greater media literacy and critical thinking, by making any potential bias more visible to the reader –Staff Editor.

Political Bias Rating: Centrist

The content presents straightforward information about various community and nonprofit efforts to support flood relief in Kerr County, Texas. It neutrally reports on charitable organizations, churches, businesses, and emergency response groups organizing donations and aid without any ideological language or political framing. The article focuses on practical assistance and community response, maintaining an objective tone and avoiding partisan or controversial viewpoints. As such, it adheres to neutral, factual reporting with no discernible political bias.

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News from the South - Texas News Feed

Williamson County issues disaster declaration amid evacuations, rescues

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www.kxan.com – Julianna Russ – 2025-07-05 08:04:00

SUMMARY: Williamson County Judge Steven Snell declared a local disaster to protect residents amid severe flooding along the San Gabriel River, particularly impacting western Williamson County and areas east of Georgetown. Evacuations were ordered for mobile home parks and apartment complexes, with swift water rescue teams saving about 25 people. Georgetown residents in Riverside, Shady River, Goodwater, Two Rivers, San Gabriel, and Waters Edge were advised to evacuate. The county remained under a flash flood warning through early Sunday, leading to multiple street and park closures, including the San Gabriel and Blue Hole parks. Shelters are open at Georgetown Recreation Center and First United Methodist Church.

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The post Williamson County issues disaster declaration amid evacuations, rescues appeared first on www.kxan.com

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News from the South - Texas News Feed

State leaders respond after fatal flash flooding in Texas

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www.kxan.com – Julianna Russ – 2025-07-05 06:55:00

SUMMARY: After devastating floods swept through Texas Hill Country, at least 24 people died and over 20 remain missing. Governor Greg Abbott declared a disaster, promising unlimited state resources for relief. Acting Governor Dan Patrick coordinated emergency responses and warned of ongoing flood risks across central Texas, urging residents to heed local officials. Attorney General Ken Paxton expressed condolences and praised first responders. Agriculture Commissioner Sid Miller urged residents to stay alert, avoid flooded roads, and protect livestock and property. Officials emphasize prayer, preparation, and cooperation as rescue efforts continue amid unpredictable and deadly flash flooding.

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The post State leaders respond after fatal flash flooding in Texas appeared first on www.kxan.com

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